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We are far from a world in which all births result from intended pregnancies. It is estimated that million women in developing countries are sexually active, but don't want to become pregnant; in other words, they have an unmet need for family planning. For various reasons they are not using contraception. If all births resulted from women actively intending to conceive, fertility would immediately fall slightly below the replacement level; world population would peak within a few decades and subsequently decline.

It is not expensive to help all women to be in fully control of the timing and frequency of their childbearing. The key obstacles are religious, cultural, and political opposition to contraception or the possibility of population decline.

More research and a public better educated about sexuality and reproduction could engender a global social movement that would make possible a world of intended pregnancies and births. Before, we didn't know how to control pregnancy, we didn't have the education, and people in the area were having nine or ten children. We have 18 families and no one has more than three children.

The health of the children and mothers has improved, and so has the spacing of babies. Everyone understands the importance of family planning now. Vincente Jarrin and Maria Juana Jarrin Malca, Husband and Wife Family Planning Promoters in Pasquazo Zambrano, Ecuador.

A United Nations report says poverty perpetuates and is exacerbated by poor maternal health, gender discrimination, and lack of access to birth control. This holistic view has helped slow the increase in world population. The average family has declined from six children in to around three today.

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Education and improved health for women and access to contraception are vital. Smaller families are healthier families and improve the prospects of each generation. Since more women have access to education and other rights, and more early-marriage traditions are being opposed.

Most countries have laws prohibiting violence against women, female genital mutilation, and other violations of human rights. The world could possibly reduce consumption down to a very basic level, but if population keeps growing, eventually that will not be enough. Even today many are living on a sub-sustainable level, due in part to an uneven distribution of resources, but also because, in many regions, population has outgrown essential resources for that region.

When people feel threatened by a hand-to-mouth existence, they are more likely to look towards less-than democratic ways to reduce population, especially if they have the foresight to realize that population growth is like a run-away train, very difficult to slow and stop.

However, more and more evidence is showing that the methods that work the best towards reducing population growth, are the methods established by the principles of the Cairo Conference in United Nations International Conference on Population and Development ICPD SeptemberCairo, Egyptwhich include: Empowering women and girls in the economic, political, and social arenas; b.

Removing gender disparities in education; c. Integrating family planning with related efforts to improve maternal and child health; and d.

Removal of 'target' family sizes. It took the US years to go from 7 babies per family to two. Iran has more than halved its fertility rate in a decade. The benefits of modern contraceptives to women's health, including non-contraceptive benefits of specific methods, outweigh the risks. In addition, contraception helps lengthen the interval of birth spacing, improving perinatal outcomes and child survival.

Greater-than-average risk to maternal, perinatal, and child survival is associated with pregnancies at very young 34 years maternal ages, at high parities, and with short interpregnancy intervals, and with pregnancies that would have ended in unsafe abortion. It ties directly to fertility rates and thus quantify the risk of maternal death per woman. It is indicative of risk per pregnancy due to poor access to and quality of obstetric services.

It also responds to fertility rates, which can affect the proportion of births to women with greater-than-average obstetric risk. MMRatios tend to be raised at parity 1, then become lowered at paritiesthen raised again atand highest at parities greater than 6. Raised maternal mortality risks at high parities have been seen in Pakistan, Senegal, and west Africa. It also ties directly to fertility rates and thus quantify the risk of maternal death per woman. A fall in the number of pregnancies lowers the number of maternal deaths.

Maternal mortality risk is affected by the number and timing of pregnancies in a woman's reproductive lifespan, by the presence of comorbidities other diseases or conditions that may increase the riskand by obstetric care. Contraceptive use can prevent recourse to induced abortion and eliminate most of these deaths. Infant and child mortality and health: For infants children younger than 1 yearthe shorter the interval 18 months or lessthe greater the mortality risk.

Other studies reported that the birth of a younger sibling within 2 years of the index child was associated with a doubling of mortality at ages 1 - 2 years, and smaller adverse effects at ages 2 - 4 years.

The most prevalent method of contraception worldwide is surgical sterilisation. Female sterilisation tubal sterilisation and male sterilisation vasectomy have immediate surgical risks, but the risks of death and serious morbidity are very small with tubal sterilisation and even lower with vasectomy. Although the risk of pregnancy is low after tubal sterilisation, when pregnancy does occur, it is more likely to be ectopic; however, the absolute risk of ectopic gestation is lower than when no contraception is used.

Intrauterine devices IUDs are the most widely used modern method of reversible contraception. The risk of pelvic inflammatory disease is very low in women fitted with an IUD who have a low risk for sexually transmitted infections, but women with cervical chlamydial or gonococcal infections who have an IUD are at increased risk.

IUDs have been associated with a reduced risk of endometrial cancer, and a pooled analysis suggests a possible reduced risk of cervical cancer. Levonorgestrel-releasing IUDs reduce menstrual blood loss. As with tubal sterilisation, pregnancies during use are very uncommon, but are more likely to be ectopic when they occur, but the absolute risk is lower than when no method is used. Combined oestrogen-progestogen oral contraceptive pills OCPs are among the most widely used modern contraceptive methods in many countries and are also among the best studied drugs in history.

An analysis of data from a large UK cohort study with long-term follow-up reported that use of OCPs slightly reduces all-cause mortality. OCPs are associated with very low relative and absolute risks of cardiovascular disease in young healthy women who do not smoke, although women aged 35 years or older who smoke are at increased risk. Whether OCPs have any effect on the risk of breast cancer is unclear. Studies suggest an increased risk of cervical cancer in OCP users who are positive for human papillomavirus HPV DNA, but not in those negative for HPV DNA.

A pooled analysis showed that OCP users had a raised risk of cervical cancer that increased with duration of use and decreased after cessation of use, with the risk returning to that for never users after 10 years. A WHO technical consultation concluded that the use of hormonal contraceptive methods by women with HIV or at high risk for HIV should not be restricted, but issued a detailed clarification for women receiving progestogen-only injections because of the inconclusive evidence about risk of HIV infection.

Although serious health risks associated with contraception are uncommon, side-effects are common, particularly with the most effective methods. For example, menstrual bleeding abnormalities are a frequent side-effect of hormonal contraceptives and IUDs, and the loss of regular menses might affect the acceptability of these methods in some regions.

In general, although side-effects are minor, they can be unacceptable and are the most frequently cited reason for discontinuation. By freeing women from an incessant cycle of pregnancy, breastfeeding, and child care, contraception represents a huge step towards greater gender equality.

The benefits to families of fewer children, in whom more resources can be invested, and the benefits to societies of reduced fertility and slowed population growth for social and economic advance and preservation of local environments are likewise important.

Two independent analyses using different methods came to the same conclusion: This estimate overstates the potential short-term contribution of contraception, because unmet need can never be eliminated; however, it understates the long-term contribution because need for contraception in high-fertility countries will inevitably increase over time.

Especially in rural areas with poor health infrastructure, family planning is the most cost-effective and feasible way to reduce maternal deaths because it does not rely on complex technology, unlike some alternative interventions. The relation between spacing and infant survival is well known and frequently given as a compelling reason for investments in family planning. Less well known is the persistence of the effect of short preceding intervals into early childhood ages years.

Moreover, survival chances in early childhood are seriously jeopardised by the birth of a younger sibling within 2 years. The substantial effect of contraception on health is often overlooked by medical specialists, perhaps because the evidence, with the exception of the important non-contraceptive health benefits of specific methods, has been generated largely by demographers and reported in non-medical journals.

Another reason for neglect might be that contraceptive technology is well established and perceived as unexciting. Additionally, emphatic advocacy of family planning is linked to population control, which has become deeply unfashionable. One result of the long silence on these subjects has been the steep decrease in international funding of, and vocal support for, family-planning programmes. In terms of maternal and child health, a heavy price has been paid for this neglect, particularly in Africa.

We believe that redress of this imbalance is long overdue. Members of parliament meeting at the fifth International Parliamentarians Conference on Population and Development ICPD - held in Istanbul - agreed the economic crunch is no reason for governments to relax their commitment to women's reproductive rights and health, made 18 years ago. Babatunde Osotimehin, executive director of the United Nations Population Fund UNFPA said million women around the world do not have access to much-needed family planning services.

The conference aims at building on past commitments made in the first ICPD conference held in Cairo, Egypt in Safiye Cagar, of UNFPA, said reproductive health services, which are considered "soft issues" and therefore tend to be the first on the budgetary chopping blocks, unlike roads and schools. But building infrastructure will have little impact unless it is done in tandem with building a healthy population. Gita Sen, adjunct professor of global health and population at the Harvard School of Public Health, pointed out that the ICPD Programme is itself an unfinished agenda - the ICPD adopted in Cairo had talked about a comprehensive sexual and reproductive health package bolstered by a set of laws and regulations that would protect and promote the reproductive health rights of women, but family planning is still not integrated into issues like maternal mortality, and youth-specific sexual health needs are not being adequately addressed.

The best example of this fragmentation is the global HIV epidemic, which in most places is a "vertical silo sitting by itself" or, at best, running parallel to the rest of the health system.

If a woman contracts HIV, she could simultaneously be suffering from domestic violence, she may well have a maternity problem and, most likely, her children will be in dire need of support, according to Sen. A woman probably has neither the time nor the capacity to go to different places to receive treatment, she said. All the different sexual and reproductive health services need to be integrated as one package, which should give priority to family planning.

As far as youth are concerned, the work being done on the ground to protect and preserve their rights is "next to nothing", Sen said. Next week, the 45th session of the Commission on Population and Development CPD will be held at the United Nations in New York. The Commission's work is to "monitor, review and assess the implementation of the ICPD Programme of Action at the national, regional and international levels.

The CPD outcome document will serve as a foundation for major upcoming international negotiations on sustainable development and population and this year's theme is "Adolescents and Youth. The number of adolescents and young people in the world today is at an all-time high. Along with food, water and safe shelter, this huge share of the world's population needs access to contraception and a range of sexual and reproductive health services. Many at the CPD will deny that young people are sexually active.

They equate access to comprehensive sexuality education with a rise in sexual activity, when sex ed actually delays sexual initiation. These deniers also conflate the basic tenets of good health care -- such as privacy, confidentiality, and informed consent -- with undermining cultural, religious and familial values.

But young people are sophisticated enough to explore and define their values, and make informed decisions that help safeguard their well-being. The lives of young people around the world literally depend on the success of our efforts at CPD We will seek to advance a visionary agenda for the full realization of young people's sexual and reproductive health and rights. What could we, should we actually do about human population growth?

Can population trends be altered? If so, can they be altered without violating core human values about the worth of all human beings and the freedom of all to make decisions about their own childbearing? Does the idea of altering population trends lead inevitably to "population control," to walls erected to keep out immigrants, and to coercive policies on childbearing that punish poor women for environment problems that may be the fault of wealthy people living far away?

At the United Nations International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo insome nations agreed with economist Amartya Sen that coercion has no place in any population program, whether it be a one-child policy, sterilization, forced marriage, forced childbearing, or forced sex. The Chinese, to their credit, are turning away from coercion and toward the approach that the United Nations Population Fund is the United Nations Population Fund is demonstrating, and groups such as Population Action International are advocating worldwide.

This more democratic and comprehensive approach champions women's education and access to information and to reproductive-health to reproductive-health care.

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That care ideally includes not only contraceptives but also pre-natal and post-natal care, professional birth attendants, nutritional and child-care counseling, as well as H.

Acknowledges the complex personal and social contexts within which decisions about childbearing are made. It separates the problem of unwanted fertility, which can be addressed by access to family planning services, from other causes of population growth, including the desire for large families. Calls for other social investments -- such as the education of girls and the reduction of infant mortality -- to help make small families the norm.

Endorses a reproductive health approach to family planning. Recognizes the central role of gender relations, with a link between high fertility and the low status of women, and offers strategies to empower women through access to education, resources and opportunity. Addresses the harmful effects of northern consumption patterns, drawing the connection between consumption, population growth and environmentaldegradation.

Strikes a historic compromise on abortion. While declaring that "in no case should abortion be promoted as a method of family planning," the document asks governments to address unsafe abortion as a major public health concern. It also asks governments to ensure that abortion services are safe when they are not against the law, to provide reliable and compassionate counseling for all women who have unwanted pregnancies and to provide humane care for all women who suffer the consequences of unsafe abortion.

Stands on solid ethical ground. Coercion of all is rejected. The means it proposes to slow population growth are all desirable ends in themselves. It offers strategies to narrow the gaps between rich and poor, and between men and women. It took 40 years to build consensus. Industrial countries wanted to control population growth, while developing nations said that "development is the best contraceptive.

Conference on Population becamed emeshed in U. Policies based on population control are moving towards more people- oriented, reproductive health approaches. Although it takes time for policy and legal changes to benefit women and men at the community and household levels, such changes are a critical first step.

Policies and laws are needed to hold health services courts, schools, and other institutions, as well as communities and families, accountable. As such, the policy and legal changes made since based on human rights, equity, and meeting people's needs--are central to fullfiling the Cairo Mandate.

Laos, Nepal and Myanmar have the next-to lowest number of contraceptive users in Asia. Growth in the number of contraceptive users is projected to be specifically high for south Asia. Bhutan is similar, so it is amazing that its contraceptive prevalance is so high.

I was also surprised that Myanmar had such a low ranking in view of its fertility rate of 2. Fertilty rates for these Asian countries in order of fertility rate are: Bill Ryerson, founding Director of the Population Media Center, has been gathering Demographic and Health Surveys on the reasons people in high-birthrate nations give for not using available Family Planning FP services.

Some of the DHS surveys include women who would like to become pregnant, so the surveys taken in some nations show "desire for pregnancy.

The surveys estimated that million women in the surveyed regions had an "unmet need" for FP services. They defined unmet need as not wanting to be pregnant in the next two years, but not using any modern method of contraception. In most countries the most common reasons for not using contraception given by married women in this category were: Referring to a article published by several demographers concerning the studies, Mr.

Ryerson quotes two excerpts stating reasons for non-use:. Cost was not a frequently cited obstacle to use among married women with an unmet need: A substantial proportion of these married women were sexually active within the three months preceding the survey, including about half of women with an unmet need in Latin American and Caribbean countries.

A June paper by two of the authors of the paper essentially came to the same conclusions. There is still need for expanded FP services, especially if the informational and cultural barriers to use of FP methods can be overcome.

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Today the reasons for non-use are quite different from those given in The mission of the Population Media Center PMC is to use entertainment-education and mass media to promote social and cultural change. PMC sponsors dramatized communication campaigns that, without telling people what to do, provide attractive role modeling. PMC's soap opera-type programs focus largely on women's rights, including education for girls, and communication between husbands and wives about the future of their families - promoting more awareness that smaller families lead to better health and greater prosperity.

It may be that the pastoral peoples in remote areas were not included in the survey. PMC serves people who have access to radio. The people in the Maasai Harmonial project area do not have access to radio.

In addition, the pastoral Maasai culture is very different from the culture of the people who live in the areas where radio is available. The majority of the Maasai do not speak the national language of Swahili or English, so they would not benefit from a radio program produced in Swahili.

PMC has done wonderful things, but it must be recognized that a large part of population growth in Africa comes from hard-to-reach rural areas where a large variety of languages are spoken. Oregon and Washington may follow suit. The US average is similar: Global health experts call unintended pregnancy an epidemic because it's so common, and the toll on physical health, mental health, and child development so large. Reducing unsought pregnancies results in: After implementation of the Colorado Family Planning Initiative, teen births and abortions dropped by nearly half.

High-risk births, including preterm births, also diminished. Unsought pregnancy is four times as common and unsought birth seven times as common among poor women as among their more prosperous peers, so poor families benefited the most. In Colorado, much of the improvement came from switching away from error-prone family planning methods that require action every day or every time they have sex -- such as pills and condoms-- to long-acting IUDs and implants that make pregnancy prevention easy.

These methods are "get it and forget it. When a woman wants to get pregnant, her healthcare provider can remove the implant or IUD, usually in a five-minute procedure, and normal fertility returns almost immediately. Louis a study of 9, women called the Contraceptive Choice Project demonstrated that long-acting contraceptives dramatically reduce unplanned births and abortions. It also showed that most women prefer these technologies when high cost and other barriers are removed.

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC and the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists have declared these methods far more effective and safer than any other method and far safer than the risks from pregnancy itself. One of these methods, the hormonal IUD, has bonus health benefits, including protection against some cancers.

The Colorado Family Planning Initiative CFPI increased access to quality services. Women were able to access services wherever they might encounter the healthcare system. All sorts of health care workers were trained in improved counseling and to insert and remove implants and IUDs.

More flexible hours at these health centers improved access for working women. CFPI integrated family planning into primary care, labor and delivery, and post-abortion care. CFPI funding made all methods available with no co-pay, a standard that later would be incorporated into Obamacare now on the chopping block, of course.

Implants and IUDs are cheaper in the long run than other forms of birth control, especially if you include the costs associated with an unplanned pregnancy. But until recently, the up-front price of long acting contraceptives has made these methods unavailable to many women. CFPI worked to normalize conversations about sexual health and promote healthy decisions and planning.

Young Latinas, who have a higher-than-average teen pregnancy rate, talked with each other in culturally proficient after-school programs. Social service agencies offered sexuality workshops or provided onsite access to educators. A website, BeforePlay, offered practical information about contraception and sexual health, as well as specific resources available across the state. Reimbursement policies were changed so that women could get an IUD or implant of their choice immediately postpartum in hospitals.

Oregon Governor Kate Brown recently affirmed that she and the Oregon Health Authority "place a high priority on improving women's health and reducing unintended pregnancies by implementing pregnancy intention screenings and providing effective contraceptives to women who do not wish to become pregnant.

The Oregon Foundation for Reproductive Health has developed a technique -- now a national model -- that makes it easier for primary care, chronic care, and mental health providers to open up conversations about family planning. It is called One Key Question, and the question is: Would you like to get pregnant in the next year?

If a woman says yes, this leads to a conversation about preparing for a healthy pregnancy, called "preconception care". If she says no, she has an opportunity to explore contraceptive options, including top-tier methods that might not be familiar.

A new Oregon law allows retail pharmacists to prescribe oral contraceptives or patches. A second law, the first in the nation, requires insurers to cover a month supply of birth control at a single prescription fill. Oregon also has a mandate for comprehensive sexual health education in public schools and expansion of family planning coverage through Medicaid. Despite promising trends, the US teen pregnancy rate is far higher than any of the other 34 countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

National funding cuts could make things worse: But there will be opportunities to increase intentional parenthood through practice improvements and better public awareness. Oregon's One Key Question could make the state a national leader in healthcare integration. This will mean incorporating routine pregnancy-intentions screening into primary care, labor and delivery, chronic care, mental health, and drug treatment programs. Public officials in the state of Washington have paid close attention to the models in St.

Louis, Colorado, and Delaware. Washington Governor Jay Inslee's office has voiced support for upgrading contraceptive care statewide. When Planned Parenthood showed that low reimbursement for IUD insertions had become an obstacle for clinics serving poor women, the state changed reimbursement rates.

School-based clinics in Seattle now offer the full-range of birth control options to high school students, and Neighborcare Health, which runs several of these clinics, employs educators who help teens and their parents explore options.

InKing County Public Health secured a small grant to train and provide technical assistance to school-based health centers so they could offer IUDs and implants on-site, with follow-up support from Public Health. Three of these health centers hired half-time sexual health educators, who taught in biology and health classes, and provided contraceptive counseling to teens and their parents.

One Washington State imperative addresses the epidemic of opioid addiction. Neonatal care units are overflowing with newborns suffering from Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome, a form of withdrawal.

With long-acting methods offering years of protection and with each person in charge of his or her own fertility, children will come into the world by the mutual consent of two people who want to create a child together.

But even if Planned Parenthood is spared, Trump's proposed rollback in Medicaid and contraceptive coverage will inevitably increase unintended pregnancies and the demand for abortion services. The AHCA, on the other hand, by making contraception more expensive and less accessible, would roll back some or all of those gains. In addition Congress may also eliminate funding for comprehensive sex education in schools. The House of Representatives has been trying to do just that for the past four years, and this year it may be able to override Senate opposition.

Humanitarian programs, including international family planning, could face draconian cuts. USAID's family planning program helps parents better feed, educate and care for their children.

US-supported family planning programs are slowing rapid population growth in some of the least stable countries in the world, including Afghanistan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Sudan and Yemen. Cutting international programs to pay for increased defense spending will undermine US security and likely increase the demands on the Defense Department. Defense Secretary James Mattis once declared: Two years after Texas slashed its support for family planning by two-thirds inMedicaid expenditures soared because of the increase in unplanned pregnancies.

While the state was forced to do an about-face and re-fund family planning, it persisted in its attacks on Planned Parenthood, forcing dozens of clinics to close, leaving many women in Texas without access to family planning services. Unless Congress stands down on cutting contraceptive services, it will find itself in the perverse position of driving up teen pregnancy rates and Medicaid costs. In most states, hormonal contraception requires a prescription.

Getting that prescription takes time and money for doctor visits that some women just don't have. Oral contraceptive pills are well-studied, and The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the American Medical Association, and the American Academy of Family Physicians agree that they are safe for over-the-counter use. The idea even has bipartisan support in Congress, except on issues like whether insurance companies should have to pay the bills.

The next step was to find a pharmaceutical company willing to go through the long and costly process of seeking FDA approval. That too has now been done. HRA Pharma in Paris is partnering with advocates and experts from Ibis Reproductive Health to start the process, which may take several years to complete.

There are two major types of oral contraceptives, progestin-only and pills that contain both progestin and estrogen. Ibis and HRA plan to seek FDA approval for a progestin-only pill similar to others already approved for emergency contraception. Progestin-only pills present the fewest barriers for the broadest population, Ibis president Kelly Blanchard said. Both types of pills are equally effective, but combined pills with estrogen can cause potential problems for women who smoke or have high blood pressure.

Blanchard said that after the first OTC pill is approved, it shouldn't be difficult to get other forms of birth control approved, too. That would allow women more than one over-the-counter option, since not every pill or every birth control method is right for every woman. The Affordable Care Act ACA requires health insurance to cover contraception at no added cost.

Not making women pay extra on top of their insurance premiums makes birth control much more accessible. But repeal of the ACA may eliminate that benefit. Republicans proposed legislation in to speed up the FDA's over-the-counter approval process for contraception - but Democrats and women's health advocates called that bill a ploy to undermine the ACA while only appearing to support birth control and women's health.

That bill would also have imposed an and-over age restriction, which Blanchard says is completely unnecessary. As for whether Trump's appointees could cause political problems for approving over-the-counter contraception, Blanchard said she hopes that the FDA "will follow their process and judge it on its merits.

And we think the merits are strong. For at least a decade the national trend has been to put off having kids and have fewer of them. But in California, the lingering recession of the late s and high real estate prices have created obstacles for young couples looking to have kids. While California's population grew to According to the state Department of Finance, between July 1,and June 30, Californians had just The lowest birth rates occurred in California's small northern counties, where jobs for young families are scarce.

But coastal spots, including the booming bay area and the central coast had affordability problems. Though the state figures don't specify ethnicity, U. Even among the Hispanic population, among the nation's fastest growing, birthrates have been falling since The rate of population growth has declined along with the birthrates.

People continue coming, but since the late s migration to California has been relatively low. Between July of and July ofthe state gainedpeople through migration from another country. But it lostpeople due to migration between states.

In all, about 70, more people arrived than left. Schwarm said that even if the state's fastest growth is in the past, California has plenty to lure the best and brightest.

This video features key experts in the family planning field, including Melinda Gates, Ellen Starbird, Anju Malhotra, Latif Dramani, and Jason Bremner, making the case for investing in family planning in urban areas and explaining how this can impact the environment and economy of countries, as well as add to women's empowerment.

The Zika virus outbreak in Brazil had some world class female athletes considered staying home from the Summer Olympics to avoid the disease that can cause profound birth defects in children of infected women. But what of the millions of Brazilian women of childbearing age, especially those in the poor and overcrowded neighborhoods, who were adviced by health experts: Unfortunately for women in Brazil and many other developing nations, birth control can be hard to obtain.

And research shows that millions of people around the world want more access to family planning. Unplanned pregnancies can create severe economic hardships that perpetuate poverty, and they result in millions of abortions every year, many of them performed under unsafe conditions by untrained people. Having one baby after another often causes complications and even death.

Inadequate pre-natal care and unsafe births and abortions are among the biggest killers of women globally. For women to exercise the right to decide when to get pregnant, they need access to contraception and information about family planning.

About million women worldwide who are either married or in a partnered relationships want to delay or stop having children, but aren't using contraception. A bigger obstacle is the lack of knowledge, particularly in developing nations, about family planning. Many women fear the potential side effects of contraceptives. They may not understand the risks that come with pregnancy and how to minimize them. They be worried about reactions from husbands or families, or religious leaders.

Education and counseling go a long way toward overcoming these obstacles. For many women, the first opportunity to learn about family planning comes during a visit to a clinic to have a baby, an abortion or treatment for a miscarriage.

It's essential to seize that opportunity and present information on how to delay or prevent another pregnancy to any woman who wants it. Women who become pregnant less than five months after giving birth are 2. Of the million women worldwide who become pregnant each year, nearly 80 million do not intend to.

About half of those unintended pregnancies end in abortion. Many of those abortions are performed under unsafe conditions, contributing to the deaths of nearly 67, women each year. Modern contraceptives could reduce unplanned births in developing countries by 22 million and maternal deaths by 90, each year, sccording to the Guttmacher Institute.

Family planning also reduces gender inequality, enables girls and women to stay in school and find better employment. Better educated girls and women are better equipped to understand and make their own life choices and less dependent on their families and husbands.

Children from planned families often benefit from greater parental attention, nutrition and other resources, helping them grow and develop into more productive adults with a better chance of breaking the cycle of poverty. Their communities, in turn, have reduced need for social services, allowing them to spend scarce resources on more productive development programs.

Melinda Gates' mission has been to provide poor women in developing countries with access to contraception. Sinceshe has helped lead an international campaign to get birth control to million more women by A recent report tells that goal is proving tougher than expected. Allowing a woman to have a contraceptive tool with which she can space births unlocks the cycle of poverty for her.

While Melinda Gates was talking to women about vaccines for their children, the women would ask about contraception. Statistics showed that contraception prevented tens of millions of unsafe abortions by preventing unwanted pregnancies.

Melinda Gates is a Roman Catholic, and her Church doesn't believe in these forms of modern contraceptives. But she saw, while touring the slums,townships, and rural areas that women and children were suffering needless deaths because they literally didn't have contraception like what we use in the United States. The moral imperative is that we give these women what we believe in and actually use. She found that there is resistance among the leaders of countries who are overwhelmingly men and often don't want to give up control of a woman's fertility.

Even in the United States, some men want to take control of women's health. We can't do the top-down planning that happened in the world in the s, where we told women what to do. It was about population control, it was about coercion. Long-acting contraception such as IUDs and implants which are changing the face of family planning in the United States, particularly for poor women, didn't seem to be making it into developing countries because the funding had stagnated.

So the partners, the philanthropists, have been investing in long-acting tools. There is now an injectable that's a tiny, little blister pack with a tiny, little needle, sort of like you'd give yourself a diabetes drug. We're working on a formulation that could go in a health community care worker's kit.

When she goes out into these villages, she can give it to women. A woman doesn't have to go to a clinic and get it from a nurse or a doctor. And eventually, a woman could give it to herself.

So you could give her a two-year supply, and she can just take it home and administer to herself every three months. This tiny, little injectable is very near-term. That's happening now and will continue to roll out over the next three to five years.

Buffett, who has has made a huge commitment to the Gates Foundation, is also very excited about this. If you can get contraception to million women you will see the cycle of poverty broken. Look at what contraception did in the United States to women going into the work force.

All over Africa, young girls getting pregnant early when they don't want to, keeps them out of school. So you'd keep more girls in school, and then you'd have educated girls who would go into the work force.

When a girl or woman has economic means in her own hands, it shifts the whole power dynamic in the family, whether it's with her mother-in-law or her husband. It's the beginning thing that unlocks a woman's potential. Family Planning FP recently reported that million women and girls now using modern contraception in the world's 69 poorest countries. This is 30 million more women and girls than in This milestone has taken the health and development sectors decades to reach.

FP was launched at the historic London Summit on Family Planning in The Summit called for global political commitments and resources to enable million more women and girls to use contraceptives by In West Africa, where contraceptive use has been historically low, the Ouagadougou Partnership has surpassed its goal of reaching 1 million additional women and girls with modern contraception from toand is now aiming to reach 2.

Unfortunately, the FP goal is short by some 19 million women and girls due to a sizable financing gap. The problem is how to ensure that enough contraceptives supplies are available for the unprecedented numbers of women and girls who need them.

This is largely due to currency fluctuations and the appreciation of the US dollar. The government of Germany, International Planned Parenthood Federation, Intrahealth International, and FHI renewed their commitments this year, pledging to build on the contributions they have already made and go even further. Inmodern contraceptive use in the target area averted an estimated 82 million unintended pregnancies, 25 million unsafe abortions, andmaternal deaths.

Access for women and girls to voluntary contraception will have ripple effects for families, communities and countries, and will help determine if countries are able to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals SDGs for health, human rights, prosperity, and the environment.

Every woman has the right to determine the size of her family. For any leader to say differently can push back the country's progress on many fronts. These fronts include India's goal for population stabilisation, FP - an international partnership of more than 20 governments on family planning, and the UN's Sustainable Development Goals commitments. Andhra Pradesh has shown a significant reduction in population growth, due to the fact that the desired fertility rate for the state is 1.

It is no longer a matter of numbers. It is an issue of respecting rights and choices and treating women with dignity. Family planning advances sexual and reproductive health, saves lives and empowers communities, especially women. More thanmaternal deaths per year have been averted globally by family planning and children's health and economic outcomes of families have been positively affected. Reproductive choice is a fundamental human right - it frees women from incessant cycles of pregnancy, breastfeeding and childcare.

Family planning and its voluntary use represent a giant step towards gender equality. The post world is moving away from the narrow prism of targets and numbers to enhance sustainability. The rights-based approach to family planning provides an overall framework and set of universal values including, equality, non-discrimination, participation and accountability, on which to base contraceptive service provision and delivery.

FP's implementation is in alignment with the principles of the International Conference on Population and Development Program of Action held in Cairo in ICPD abandoned demographically driven population policies, asserting that people mattered more than numbers. Population is not just about counting people, but about making sure every person counts irrespective of the wealth quintile they represent. The state's emphasis within the Family Planning Program needs to move towards a choice and access to spacing methods as opposed to primarily terminal methods.

Family welfare is a mutually shared responsibility where there is an imminent need for parliamentarians, policy makers, civil society organizations, the media and other stakeholders to work together towards the pursuit of a common vision. To get away from numbers is to get away from targets, which are distractions from the need to address unintended pregnancies and rights-based health and education. More articles like this one are needed. Next month marks the halfway stage of the Family Planning initiative, an attempt to get million more women and girls in 69 countries using contraception.

The initiative was launched at a London conference in According to the UN's population fund, there are twice that number who would like to be able to avoid getting pregnant if they could.

But cost, availability and lack of knowledge as well as, in some countries, cultural taboos and social pressures that make pregnancy even for young teenagers a desirable objective, all contribute to making it impossible.

Breaking down the barriers that stop women and girls having the right to choose should be at the heart of every development project. Unfortunately, the debate around immigration has damaged the campaign. In among a legitimate airing of anxieties about overstretched public services, crowded GP surgeries and full entry classes at primary school, problems whose causes lie at least as much in austerity as in migration, there has been a crude and distasteful attempt to undermine a compassionate response to the global humanitarian crisis and depict migrants as a threat.

The same people who do this also criticize the British commitment to spending 0. This is money would promote security and help economies to grow, building the essential foundations of global justice.

Without it, life will remain so bleak and hopeless for hundreds of thousands of people that they will flee elsewhere. Some - often the better off or the khalid teknik forex sebenar educated - take the terrible risk of getting into a small boat to cross the Mediterranean to try to reach Europe.

In addition minecraft emerald trading system war, climate change and corruption, population pressures are also part or the reason behind unprecedented movement of people around the globe, and also 65 million displaced people.

Giving women and girls the power to choose for themselves when they get pregnant is not only a fundamental human right, but a big part of the solution. The family lyrics got money remix lil wayne part of women's health often feels like the poor relation in development.

The plan was to preventing hundreds of thousands of unwanted pregnancies and thousands of deaths. But the department's main focus in women's health tends to be trade forex on weekends eradicating female genital mutilation and ending child marriage - important, of course, but only a small part of a much bigger story. Refugee camps are among the least safe places in the world for list of top 10 forex brokers and young women.

An unwanted pregnancy is one more nightmare for a displaced woman; campaigners argue that contraception and access to safe abortion should be treated with the same urgency as water, food and shelter.

In many countries and many societies the status of women allows men to feel entitled to deny them control of their own fertility. The size of the task of breaking down the barriers that stop it being a universal right is daunting. But for women and main forex gwgfx easy way to earn gaia cash, it must become a development priority.

The article downplays the importance of ending child marriage and eradicating female genital mutilation, yet one third of girls in the developing world are married before the age of 18 and gaia how to make money in 9 are married before the age of Delaying marriage of these girls could not only prevent 2 or 3 pregnancies per each girl, but allow that girl to go to school and have a more empowered future.

Eradicating FMG is part of the empowerment. Masai women at Embulbul village are asking acfx forex trading family planning. The Masai's other requests for development help included: Masai Harmonial Development and Sustainability: Alisha Graves, is co-founder of Ets 2.0 trading system free download OASIS Initiative, A project of the University of California, Berkeley.

She also serves as Vice President of the Population Program at Venture Strategies for Health and Development, a California-based non-profit organization, where she oversees the "Rebirth of Population Awareness" initiative. And she is a research fellow for Project Drawdown, analyzing the potential contribution of family planning for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Climate change presents an existential threat to our species. There is no doubt forex current rates about that. Activists around the world are grappling with the issue in many ways - by protesting coal powered plants and blocking oil tankers, promoting renewable energy like solar and wind, or even changing ones own lifestyle with growing one's own food and adopting plant based diets.

But, my guest has another idea altogether. She calls it "green sex" for the sake of the climate. During the same time period, there was an increase in stockland shellharbour opening hours easter, likely from expanded access to birth control, which is supported by the Affordable Care Act.

More women have been able to delay or prevent pregnancy and build the families they want as a result of improved access to contraception, say the authors of the study. However, women living in poverty in were five times more likely to experience an unintended pregnancy than higher-income women.

Black and Hispanic women were roughly 2. And even when income was taken into account, Black women had higher rates of unintended pregnancy than both white and Indikator forex paling profit women. Under the ACA, most private health plans are required to cover contraception without a co-pay, as Medicaid has done for years.

But, in order to see progress for women of color, we must overcome social and systemic inequity that contributes to varying levels of health-care access, contraceptive use, and unintended pregnancy.

Lawrence Finer, director of domestic research at the Guttmacher Institute, stated, "These disparities Systemic change will require targeted efforts to expand Medicaid, improve health-care access and quality, and close racial disparities in income and wealth.

Women of color, particularly low-income Black and Latina women, are still more likely to be uninsured, which may be attributed to lower incomes and lack of access to employer-sponsored health insurance.

Also, most of the 17 states that have refused to expand Medicaid have a higher percentage of residents of color. Some women may be unable to afford the birth control of their choice or access the most reliable methods. Highly effective methods like the intrauterine device and implant are more expensive up front than other methods, and women without consistent access to birth control may rely on condoms, withdrawal, or emergency contraceptive pills, which are not as dependable.

There is a Medicaid coverage gap for some childless adults that needs to be closed: In the past, women of color have how to make money selling mortgages used as test subjects and mistreated by the medical establishment. And even today, when some women of color seek care, they are met with insensitivity, disrespect, and neglect from health-care workers. The disproportionate rates of unintended pregnancy among women of color, who are already more likely to live in poverty, may contribute to lower educational attainment and higher economic insecurity.

Delaying, spacing, or avoiding pregnancy helps women to achieve their educational and career goals. When women of color lack health care and don't earn enough to make ends meet, they often find themselves choosing between things like paying the bills to keep the lights on or paying for birth control.

The analysis, titled "Declines in Unintended Pregnancy in the United States, " was published in the New England Journal of Medicine. Most of the growth will be in the least developed regions of south and west Asia including in India and Pakistanand Africa.

The largest increase is projected in sub-Saharan Africa with a quadrupling of population - from just under a ongc share buy or sell billion today to 3. Rapid population growth, with attendant consumption and waste, has pervasive adverse effects on societies and the world's ecosystems.

Countries with lower population growth, such as the east Asian 'tiger' economies, including South Korea and Taiwan, have seen rapid increases in per capita incomes as birth rates declined. Programs to provide voluntary family planning education and services, along with investments to improve education and health, have been the main policy response to rapid population growth since the'60s.

These programs address the substantial level of unwanted and unplanned pregnancy, as well as an unsatisfied demand for contraception. About 74 million unplanned pregnancies occur each year in the developing world. About half of these end in induced abortions.

Low levels of female education, lack of knowledge about stock trading veterans day access to contraception, insufficient supplies and services and cost and fear of side effects are the main reasons for unwanted and unplanned pregnancies.

Additional reasons are opposition from spouses and family and traditional gender roles that support a desire for large families. Family planning programs must go beyond simply providing supplies and services; they must also reduce or eliminate these obstacles.

Evidence that such programs work comes from field experiments, such as the one the Matlab region of Bangladesh that began in' People in the Matlab experimental area were provided with free services and supplies, home visits by well-trained female family-planning workers, and comprehensive media communication.

Outreach to husbands, village leaders and religious leaders addressed potential social and familial objections. Among the long-term consequences of this reduction in births were that the children in the experimental area being educated canadian stock market software higher levels, families having greater household assets, and the greater use of preventive health services.

Similarly, other countries that have suddenly implemented comprehensive family-planning programs such as Iran in'89 and Rwanda in the mids have seen rapid subsequent changes in reproductive behavior. Iran's fertility declined from 5. In Rwanda, fertility dropped from 6. Both countries' information programs shifted norms by including messages about the benefits of smaller families, raising the demand for family-planning services.

With major investments in family planning, the fertility trajectory could easily be anzac day opening hours new zealand by 0. This would lead to a population of 2. That is around 1 billion fewer people than the current projection.

Education of girls is a powerful brake on fertility. Educated women marry later, tend to want smaller families and are more capable of overcoming obstacles to their use of family planning. However, educated women must have access to contraception to act on their reproductive preferences. Family planning, education of women and men and socio-economic development are mutually reinforcing, and should be pursued together.

Support for family planning programs has fluctuated widely over the past 50 years. An initial surge of investment was made in the'60s and early'70s, as the UN and donor countries urged developing countries to address high fertility and rapid population growth.

Several countries accused the industrialized nations of making neo-colonial and imperialistic efforts to keep them weak and impoverished. The Catholic Church, which had long opposed to artificial birth control and abortion, took an aggressive stance in opposition to government-sponsored family planning programs worldwide.

And when Republicans have occupied the White House, US lawmakers have also generally been unsupportive of international family-planning programs - reducing funding and adding onerous restrictions. Despite these obstacles, contraceptive use rose steadily in Asia and Latin America during the'80s. Then, in the'90s, aid for family planning was diverted to fight the AIDS epidemic; also the fertility declines in Asia and Latin America led to optimism that population growth in Africa would soon slow.

Some economists argued that voluntary family-planning programs are ineffective. Parents are thought of as people who choose the number of children that they have in the same way that they might choose how many televisions or bicycles to buy. The problem with this reasoning is that goods require an active purchase, whereas pregnancies occur unless an effort is made to avoid them. Another fallacy is the assumption that the cost monetary, social and practical banc de binary minimum trade contraception is sufficiently low so as not to influence decision-making.

From this perspective, the occurrence of unwanted pregnancies should be as rare as people having unwanted new televisions; thus they erroneously conclude that family-planning schemes should not be given priority. Even women who use relatively effective methods find avoiding unintended pregnancies difficult; total pregnancies resulting from failure of such methods number in the tens of millions each year. Fortunately the accumulating evidence of plummeting birth rates in a few countries such as Ethiopia and Rwanda has largely persuaded policymakers of the cost-effectiveness of these programs.

To reduce high birth easy bells in animal crossing wild world, each woman, wherever she may be, should have access to quality contraceptive services within a decade.

Even in rural areas of poor countries, women should have the choice of multiple contraceptive methods - pills, 60 second traderush binary options broker ukbarrier methods, transcription jobs from home uk long-acting methods such as intrauterine devices and systems IUDs and IUSsimplants wormboy forex factory sterilization.

Where legal, safe abortion services should be made available. Other obstacles to contraceptive use, such as incorrect rumors about side effects and conservative social attitudes, should be addressed by the education of women and men, media campaigns and collaboration with community leaders.

Coercion of any kind should be ruled out. Women and men have the right to decide freely on the number, timing and spacing of children, and on the means to achieve their reproductive goals. Funding to achieve these goals has been lacking: However, over the past decade, investments in the developing world have risen, especially after the London Summit on Family Planning, at which many donors and governments renewed or increased their commitments.

Such an increase of funding will be more than repaid by savings in other sectors such as education and health care in future years.

At the international level, development agencies and donors should hire more population experts to write more reports that would include a discussion of the role of demographic shifts in relevant sectors, savage 17 hmr aftermarket stocks for sale the development benefits of reduced birth rates and of the options available to change these trends.

At the national level, ministries of finance or planning commissions should examine alternative population trajectories. Family planning has been ranked by economists at the Copenhagen Consensus Center as one of the most cost-effective development interventions. Four years ago, I stood with an international alliance of family planning advocates to pledge that by our project would provide million more women and girls with access to the family planning services.

The good news is that our collective efforts over the last four years helped prevent tens of millions of unintended pregnancies. The bad news is that, at current rates of progress, we will easy forex affiliate program our goal.

But the following innovations make me feel optimistic that will be the turning point towards reaching that goal:. A smartphone-based app called Performance Monitoring and Accountability PMA provides data about women's family planning needs and wants so governments can respond to them quickly.

In Indonesia women and girls in a large Islamic women's organization now use interactive tablets to share advice and information and learn about family planning in an easy, modern way. The covered put option writing are proving so effective that the government of Indonesia has committed to buy 22, more.

An all-in-one injectable contraceptive increases women's access to safe and effective family planning. Rural community health workers can learn to administer it with minimal training, and women stock market today aapl soon be able to administer it themselves at home. It is small, discreet, easy to use, and it forex rejection rates three months, which is important if the nearest clinic is miles away.

This contraceptive is proving particularly successful in reaching new users and women under A record number of young people are now entering their reproductive years. Our project, along with the Children's Investment Fund Foundation, will work side by side with adolescents and young women to better understand what motivates or discourages them from using contraceptives.

We will identify what works and what doesn't, test and scale up promising models, and enable young people to avoid unwanted pregnancies. Together with other interventions, health workers in these areas use local radio phone-in shows to address suggestions that contraceptives might make women infertile or harm their children. This article argues that resources normally given to infrastructure and education will have to be spent on people, as the African population explodes.

By the yearStock market led ticker population growth would be able to re-fill an empty London five times a year. According to some statistics, Nigeria will add more people to the world's population by than any other country.

The dynamics at play are straightforward. Public health is getting better. The 12 million Africans born in could expect to live only until the age of Encouragingly, the 42 million Africans born this year can expect to live to the age of If fertility does not fall at all - and it has not budged in the last 60 years - the country's population projection for veers towards million people. What has caught demographers off-guard is that African fertility has not fallen as expected.

Precipitous declines in fertility in Asia and Latin America, from five children per woman in the s to around 2. Unfortunately, since the early s, family planning programmes in Africa have resulted in slow, sometimes negligible, fertility declines. In a academia enforex granada of countries, previous declines have stalled altogether and are reversing.

These dynamics create the opposite of a virtuous cycle. Rapid population growth helps overburden educational systems. Infrastructure is also compromised, with congested highways and stratospheric housing costs.

The reality is that as the size of any populace expands, governments must keep apace. Education an infrastructure are highly important to any country's development. With a burgeoning population, this is more difficult. There are some signs of success, such as Family Planning Recent figures from Kenya and Zambia show substantial strengthening of contraceptive use among married women.

In both cases, the catalysts for improvements were government commitment and commensurate budget financing. The virtuous circle may not be completely out of reach, but it is attainable. Implemented by the Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs CCPGyan Jyoti, which means "Light of Knowledge" in Hindi, is a self-learning, counseling, and monitoring app used by Accredited Social Health Activists ASHAsor government-trained frontline health workers, in India.

The app couples persuasive audiovisual information on reproductive health and modern contraceptives with the power of interpersonal counseling to increase the adoption of modern contraceptive methods among couples in Bihar, India. The ASHA is able to bolster her knowledge of family planning and improve her counseling skills through the mobile learning feature.

During counseling sessions, the app provides easy access to high quality, engaging, and educational content designed to support positive decision making for family planning. An added benefit is the platform's ability to monitor activities that occur within the app and provide a means for ASHAs to input, store, and access client information. Gyan Jyoti provides ASHAs with several resources to use during family planning counseling sessions with their clients, including the following:.

We cannot deny that environmental and reproductive justice are intertwined, or that reproductive justice has influence on the quality of life of women and families and on the sustainable health of the entire planet.

Voluntary family planning would also help our planet be more sustainable. However million women lack access to modern methods of contraception. Empowering stock market performance history ftse and promoting their right to choose what is best for them and their families is also one of the most effective pathways to reduce unintended pregnancies and improve maternal and child health.

A woman who is able to decide if and when to have children and how many, tends online data entry jobs without investment from home in tamilnadu go further in school, is empowered as a stock broker australia qualifications in her household and is more adaptable and resilient during times of hardship.

She is more likely to invest money back into her family, her family is more likely to prosper and her community and our planet thrive because of it. Investments in these sexual and reproductive health services have been slow in coming from the international community, even though the cost would be low. Upholding the human rights of women is essential in balancing both fears of so-called overpopulation and underpopulation.

The United Nation's Commission on Population and Development held its 48th annual session in early April at the UN Headquarters in New York City. Here are extracts of statements made during the session having to do with population.

UN Secretary-General's message to the Commission on Population and Development see http: These twin priorities will be influenced by the profound demographic shifts taking place in our world, especially those related to youth, the elderly, urbanization and migration.

Countries experiencing a 'youth bulge' can reap a demographic dividend by optimizing conditions for youth to thrive. This requires enhancing education for both girls and boys, ensuring access to sexual and reproductive health care, and creating more decent jobs.

Addressing these violations of their rights will empower migrants to increase their contributions to development in both easy way to earn gaia cash of origin and destination. We must be guided by this vision as we aim to help people meet their needs while protecting the environment for generations to come. Babatunde Osotimehin, Executive Director, United Nations Population Fund UNFPAsaid that, as a post development agenda was designed, the Commission on Population and Development, by integrating population issues into sustainable development, could turn its timeless principles and commitments into reality.

Investments in the rights and well-being of adolescents and youth, now and throughout their lives, would unleash a demographic dividend of inclusive, how can i earn money with adsense economic growth in many countries. Young people, especially adolescent girls, must be empowered to make informed decisions to have control over their bodies and work from home gillette wy stay healthy.

It was also important to reach young people early in life to foster positive life-long health behaviour. Investing in the health, education and employment of young people today was the best investment to improve the lives of older persons tomorrow. It was imperative to integrate population issues into development, as there could be no sustainable development without people, he said, stressing that "we cannot afford to wait, the time is now".

John Wilmoth, Director, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, said that, in Cairo, inthe world had acknowledged the importance of the population dimension, but had also cautioned against efforts to manipulate aggregate trends, out of concern that such policies risked violating individual human rights. Continued rapid population growth would make it more difficult for some countries to improve health, provide adequate housing, achieve universal education, and provide adequate job opportunities over the next 15 years.

The lesson of Cairo was that the collective concerns about current or future population trends should never become a justification for violating the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals. Population trends mattered for all three pillars of sustainable development. Barney Cohen, Assistant Director, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, introducing the report of the Secretary-General entitled "Integrating Population Issues into Sustainable Development, Including in the Post Development Agenda", said the world's population was projected to grow from 7.

In addition, while countries will experience different rates of growth, globally, 2 billion babies would be born over the next 15 years. If the world was to achieve the new sustainable development goals and leave no one behind, then every one of those new-born children, as well as their mothers, should have access to high-quality health services throughout all phases of life.

In addition, all children should be able to attend school, and no child should have to grow up malnourished or live in extreme poverty.

Over the next 15 years, he how to earn money vlogging, the world would also need to prepare for the 1. Underscoring that young people could be an important vehicle for economic who regulates stock brokers in ontario and social change, he said there must be greater investment in secondary and tertiary education, youth-friendly health services, and opportunities for young people in the labor market.

Thus, it was important to advance gender equality, ensure that women had a voice in the political process and were given the knowledge and tools to decide on the number and timing of their children. Please click on the link in the headline to read the entire set of articles.

There is good news -- in the 21st century, solutions to the population challenge are many. They strengthen human rights and improve human health. They are things we should be doing anyway. And they contribute toward solving some poker wsop moneymaker ivey today's most pressing prom dress stores in wigan and environmental challenges.

How well a society treats its women is one of the strongest indicators of the success and health of that society. Discrimination against women and girls occurs in many forms - through gender-based violence, economic discrimination, reproductive health inequities, and harmful traditional practices Education is not only an obvious human right - but it is also an important demographic variable, influencing global population growth trajectories.

There is a strong correlation between fertility decline, education, and socioeconomic development. Girls' secondary education is especially important because, among other things, Family planning, one of the greatest public health achievements in human history, allows individuals and couples to anticipate and attain their desired number of children and the spacing and timing emini futures trading reviews their births.

It protects the health of the mother and the outcome of Population, Health, and Environment PHE programs offer an integrated approach to solving human development and conservation challenges through improving access to health services - including family planning and reproductive health - while also helping forex trading bot reviews improve livelihoods, manage natural resources, and conserve the critical Entertainment-education EE is any form of communication that is designed to entertain and educate audiences simultaneously.

Entertainment-education has existed for thousands of years in the form of parables and fables that promote social change.

Modern forms of entertainment-education include television productions, radio soap-operas, and In JuneIndia's prime minister Indira Gandhi suspended democratic rights and instilled an aggressive mass sterilization program over a period of 21 months, when over 8 million people, mostly men, were cajoled, paid or forced to be sterilised, in order to control population. While this period is now history, the deaths this week of over a dozen women who participated in a mass sterilisation "camp" at an abandoned hospital in rural Chhattisgarh demonstrates how the mindset and methods still haunt India's official approach to family planning and population control.

Sterilization is still India's most widely used contraceptive method. Although label as 'voluntary', sterilization is encouraged cash payments, and hard-sells from state health workers who are paid for each sterilization. Lack of other available forms of birth control, especially in rural areas, is a big reason that sterilization is turned to prevent pregnancy.

In the Chhattisgarh camp, 83 women were operated on in around five hours by a single doctor, who only briefly dipped his instruments in disinfectant between patients. The doctor - once praised for performing more than 50, tubal ligations -- has blamed the women's deaths on substandard including antibiotics given to them after the procedure.

India's total fertility rate has dropped from 5. But that is mainly a result of social and economic progress, rather than mass sterilizations.

India's most prosperous states -- with the highest levels of female education and empowerment -- have the lowest fertility rates. In poorer northern Indian states, where fertility rates remain around 3. Even though New Delhi has recently promised to bring more modern birth control methods to its women - so couples can control their fertility, including planning when to have children, and spacing births - on the ground the dysfunctional public health system is not even up to the job of providing basic counseling, screening or follow-up care to facilitate women's use of modern, reversible birth control methods.

India has around maternal support and resistance levels in forex perlive births, compared with China, with 32 perOverof 26m babies born in India each year do not survive 24 hours.

Women who do not have birth control are likely to have children in quick succession. Sterilization does not address this. It is time for India's government to jettison its sterilization fixation and offer family planning services worth the name. The authors father is a typical Malthusian, fearing for the planet, infested as it will be by 10 billion people by the end of this century.

These Malthusians claim we need to start by eating less beef and dairy and stop doing things that have an enormous environmental footprint compared to the simpler substitutes. Population has grown exponentially, and by and large, crop production has grown linearly, they say. And Earth's carrying capacity is limited and we are pushing its boundaries. The author claims that his fathers population fears require a genocidal solution, but the good news is that these visions need not eventuate because it is well within the capacity of humanity to feed the world.

Tragically, while we have the necessary technology and wealth, the vision and compassion is sorely lacking. We need to ensure that the global population plateaus. Inthe UN's population division suggested global population could peak at seven to eight billion by the middle of the century, or, using the mid-range projection, plateaus by end of the century at around 10 billion people. However, if the growth rate stays the same, the global population surging past 15 billion in The author claims that wealth eventually stops procreation in its tracks, a fact demonstrated by countries as diverse as Italy and Japan.

But we need to speed this up by addressing education for all girls, right now. We also need to follow this up with free contraception. This will contain the global population within 10 billion or less in a couple of decades. Of course, this course will result in more wealthy people who eat more, consuming food with a larger environmental footprint, such as meat and dairy. So we will face an enormous challenge to feed this world.

Today, the poor are alerts for binary options trading because they can't afford to pay, not because we don't have the capacity to feed them.

So we are going to have to employ a great deal more capacity to feed 10 billion people, with a middle class of perhaps six billion. Unfortunately yields are likely to fall with climate change. The US averages around 10 tonnes per hectare per year of corn across the Midwest.

This is likely to improve with climate change. So at present there is plenty of grain. The EU still pays farmers not to grow crops, while the US diverts its massive crop surpluses into biofuel production.

However, by demand will comfortably outstrip supply. Thankfully, we are ready to deploy the next big step in agricultural production-microalgae. While it is difficult and expensive to turn this microalgae biomass into fuel, it is relatively easy to turn it into food.

Carp, pigs and chickens are among the creatures that will feed on this food. The manure and effluent by-products of intensive animal production and aquaculture are ideal for anaerobic digestion. This process converts much of the organic matter into methane and liberates the nutrients into the liquid phase. Girl scout cookie money goes to planned parenthood methane can be burnt to generate heat and power.

The nutrients can be shandied for fertigation into intensive horticulture. If the horticulture is undertaken in marlin 795 stocks aftermarket then the 'waste heat' and CO2 rich exhaust gases can be used to further increase yields.

Grow microalgae in the dry arid regions of the world where there is either sea water or non-potable water available for aquaculture ponds. Solar dry the biomass for transport to the peri-urban fringe. Formulate the microalgae with agricultural bio-products, vitamins and nifty options excel sheet acids as required.

Grow pigs, chickens and fish. Anaerobically digest the manures on site and fertigate the effluent into glass houses. Hey presto billion people fed generously, with a system that is highly adaptable to future changes in the climate. If we can't fix global poverty we will be pounding past 15 billion people. OK, so his father had a genocidal solution. There are plenty of us that have a solution that is not genocidal.

Meeting the unmet need for contraception is the best answer, followed by the education of girls. However, making people wealthy is not the answer. We all need to stop following the Western Dream and living a simpler life, especially if we reach 10 billion.

These cocoa on the stock market crash of 1929 are disproportionately affected by discrimination, violence, and exploitation. Too many are deprived the opportunity to an education and to basic health care services.

The great news is that investing in girls and women makes economic sense. If the world educated, empowered, and kept all girls and women healthy, we would lessen extreme poverty and build healthier, wealthier, and more educated communities. Mothers provide better nutrition and health care and spend more on their children.

Investing in women and girls creates long-term social binary options participate in minutes for meetings economic benefits for all individuals, their communities, and the world as a whole. Every day, they are taken out of school and forced to work or marry. One out of five girls in the developing make money with scour doesn't even complete the sixth grade.

Educated girls and women are healthier, have the skills to make choices over their own future and can lift themselves, their communities and their countries out of poverty. Even one more year in school makes a difference. For every dollar spent on family planning, governments can save up to 6 dollars on health, housing, water and other public services. Family planning enables millions of girls to stay in school, saves lives and has the capacity forex guppys multi moving average gmma lift entire communities out of poverty.

Each year, an estimated 16 million girls aged give birth. Girls who become pregnant are forced to leave school and are prone to high health risks, such as HIV, obstetric fistula, and complications during pregnancy.

The number one cause of death for girls is childbirth. By delaying teen pregnancies, girls are able to stay in school, invest in their futures and have healthier children when they are ready. If all young girls completed primary school, we could saveof their children each year. And if those girls got a secondary education, we could save three million lives.

In a given year, approximatelywomen die from complications related to pregnancy and childbirth. Maternal mortality is much higher in poor communities and rural areas. When women have access to health services and information by skilled health professionals during pregnancy and childbirth, this can make the difference between life and death -- for the lives of women and their newborn babies.

In the developing world, poverty and traditional gender roles magnify this problem. When girls have the opportunity to complete their education through secondary school, they are up to six times less likely to pharmaceutical penny stocks 2016 married as children than girls with little or no education.

Educated girls are also less likely to have unintended pregnancies as teenagers. On average, women earn half of what men earn. In order to achieve gender equality, women and men must have equal employment opportunities and receive equal pay.

Women are a central part of the solution to ending hunger trading intraday breakout patterns poverty.

Yet, female farmers face numerous constraints: If we want to reduce poverty and end hunger, we must give women access to the resources they need for agricultural production and participation. Violence is a major cause of poverty. It prevents women from pursuing an education, working, or earning the income they need to lift their families out of poverty.

This practice continues to be concentrated in Africa, where 90 million African women and girls have been victims. It is mostly carried out on young girls under 15, often with the consent of mothers, in conditions that lead to lifelong pain, infection and premature death.

Almost on the year anniversary of the largest intergovernmental conference on population and development ever held -- the International Conference on Population and Development ICPD in Cairo inthe meeting of the 47th session of the Commission on Population and Development will be held. In advance of that meeting, John Wilmoth, Director of UN DESA's Population Division, spoke about how the heart of what the Cairo conference was all about individuals and their rights and needs, and addressing those issues first and foremost.

Cairo helped galvanize action that brought major improvements in the well-being of people around the world. Life expectancy has increased from 65 years in the period to 70 years in the period At the upcoming April session, representatives and experts from a large number of UN Member States and NGOs will meet in New York to assess the status of implementation of the Programme of Action, adopted by governments in Wilmoth said there was more to be done: The world's population is expected to reach 8.

In the world's population was growing at 1. The combined population of the 49 least developed countries is projected to double by In contrast, in more than 40 other countries - many of them in Eastern Europe, East, South-East and Western Asia, other parts of Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean - the size of the population is expected to decline in the coming decades. Despite these advances, most countries forex trading profit tax not achieve the ICPD Programme of Action target for life expectancy of 75 years 70 years for the countries with the highest mortality levels by the target date of Worldwide, women live 4.

The international community is increasingly recognizing the contribution of migration to forex factory technical analysis fallacy development.

Inthe number of international migrants worldwide reached million, up from million in There are more people living outside their country of birth than ever before, and it is expected that the numbers will increase further. Lower fertility combined with higher life expectancy results in population ageing. Aging combined with rapid urbanization "creates challenges in terms of meeting the needs of the older population and also in managing the relationship between the generations as the working-age population inevitably has to provide a certain amount of financial and other forms of support for the older population," he said.

The Commission will also be an important preparatory event for the special session of the General Assembly, which will take place on 22 September to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the Cairo conference.

This is a series of articles and videos from the November International Conference on Family Planningincluding:. Girls' Globe Reports Live from ICFP: Coverage Archive - http: Initiating a Demographic Dividend. In the orward to the State of World Population report, "By Choice, Not by Chance", Babatunde Osotimehin, UNFPA reaffirmed the right of the individual to freely and responsibly decide how many neatest little guide to stock market investment to have and when to have thme has been the guiding principle in sexual and reproductive health, including family planning.

The foundation for voluntary and human rights-based family planning can be traced to the International Conference on Human Rights, which included in its proclamation that "parents have a basic forex trading glasgow right to decide freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children.

The landmark International Conference on Population and Development, which took place in Cairo inaffirmed that It also includes their right to make decisions concerning reproduction free of descrimination, coercion and violence, as expressed in human rights documents UNFPA,Programme of Action para. Amidst the positive response to FP London Family Planning Summit in Julyincluding a civil society declaration signed by more than 1, organizations worldwide, some civil society organizations expressed concerns that the numeric goal of reaching million new users of contraception by could signal a retreat from the human rights centered approach that underscored the ICPD.

Concern was also raised that the FP Summit buffett does options trading warren could also lead to a focus on services for urban groups who may already have access to services, at the expense of marginalized women, men, and young people are are more costly to reach but who may face more financial, social, or other barriers preventing them from accessing such services.

A focus on reaching more women with contraceptives will not negate the the broader reproductive health and rights focus of ICPD. The need for renewed attention to family planning has been highlighted, resources have been pledged, and political will is high, offering what Kingdon identified as a window of opportunity for transformational change. Taking advantage of this opportunity will require bringing together diverse stakeholders -- representing family planning, reproductive health, human rights, and public health to harness relevant approaches to programming and create the conditions for achieving the FP goal million new voluntary family planning users in ways that guarantee choice and respect, protect, an fulfill human rights.

Few attempts have been made to link voluntarism and human rights into a comprehensive operational framework to guide family planning instaforex mt4 trading platform and programs. This conceptual framework was reviewed by more than people from 25 countries through a series of in-person and web-based consultations delta stock forex broker review the World Health Organization WHO consulting on rights-based family planning held in April Ultimately, it is hoped that this effort and the resulting framework can contribute to the implementation of the FP program.

As rights violations related to reproductive health have tended to focus on some egregious cases - such as forced abortion in China, forced sterilizations in India, Peru, and more recently among HIV-positive women -- more subtle forms of rights violations have been missed. Some list of stock brokers in uganda or providers pressure or coerce clients into using family planning methods they do not want, while others create barriers that prevent individuals from obtaining and using methods they desire.

The principle of volunteerism has been integrated into all U. USAID notes that its mercado de divisas forex wikipedia is guided by the principles of voluntarism and informed choice:. Follow the link in the headline to see the entire, very long paper.

As the international community commemorates World Population Day, the current world population of 7. Continued population growth in many countries, as well as population aging, urbanization, and migration will have a profound impact on social and economic development and the environment in the years to come.

Increasingly complex and interconnected population and demographic dynamics impact access to health, education, housing, sanitation, water, food, and energy, and influence the livelihoods of people and stability of nations around the world.

Today's generation of 1. They will drive the economic, political, social, and cultural development of their countries and will need greater and more equitable access to education, employment, and health information and services, including sexual and reproductive health services. Whether it's across the Greater Middle East or Africa, the sheer number of young people is striking, and demands leadership capable of meeting their demands for dignity and opportunity in addition to basic necessities.

This changing global environment also highlights the need for our continued example of and commitment to protecting access to evidence-based comprehensive sexuality education and reproductive rights, so that young people are equipped with the information and the means to make informed decisions about their health and protect themselves from sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy.

We must also address the fact that millions of adolescent girls are too often vulnerable to discrimination, violence, and exclusion that prevent them from living their lives to their full potential. Too many young girls are forced to marry and leave school early, are at risk of sexual violence and coercion, and are subjected to harmful traditional practices, including female genital mutilation and cutting.

Still today, complications from pregnancy and childbirth continue to be the leading cause of death among adolescent girls in low- and middle-income countries.

The United States stands ready to work with other governments, multilateral organizations, civil society, and the private sector around the world towards a safer, healthier, more just world for all. As the global economic crisis stumbles on, social services are cut worldwide, and the planet faces ever wilder weather, decreasing biodiversity, and shrinking natural resources, we need an even larger investment in girls and women for the sake not only of people, but also for the planet.

Investing in girls and women -- and especially in family planning services -- is one of the smartest, safest, cheapest, most impactful decisions any nation can make. For example, in Texas, the state legislature is working hard funding for family planning services after the financial costs of 's funding cuts became apparent. With simple investments in basic technologies like condoms, the pill, and prenatal healthcare, there's a powerful ripple effect that emerges from women's empowerment.

Women and children are healthier. We also see noteworthy dividends for our planet's ability to sustain us all. When we empower individuals and families with the information and services they need to decide on all aspects related to reproduction and sexuality, we create more sustainable and just communities.

Give women choices about their children, and they make smart choices about their environment, too. When parents are worried about how to bring home enough food for their family's next meal, they don't worry about whether they're taking too many fish from the sea, or cutting down too many trees to sell or to grow crops.

And when the environment is threatened, women are threatened too. Women bear the brunt of the responsibility for providing food and water for their families, for collecting fuel to heat their homes and cook meals.

A rapidly changing climate, increasing pressure on food prices brought about by drought, shrinking access to clean water, clean air and healthy forests -- all hit women and children hardest. It's time for us all to make these connections. We have an unparalleled opportunity to secure a sustainable world of justice, choice and well-being for all people, and without a doubt, we need healthy, empowered women and girls to ensure that our planet can continue to care for us all. Also, when population grows, supplies of safe water and cooking fuel are often threatened, and women and girls have to walk further and further for these things.

The UN General Assembly has decided to hold a special session on Sept. The world's population has grown since the conference, from 5. The Cairo conference changed the U. Population Fund's focus from numerical targets to promoting choices for individual women and men, and supporting economic development and education for girls.

Underlying the shift was research showing that educated women have smaller families. At the heart of the action plan is a demand for equality of women through education, access to modern birth control, and the right to choose if and when to become pregnant. It also recognized that abortion is practiced around the world and should be treated as a major public health issue and indicated that affordable and acceptable family planning is central to achieving safe motherhood.

This comprehensive report suggests that the best way to discuss population growth and the myriad of problems confronting the planet today is through a rights-based, holistic approach that includes both people and the planet:. Women's Rights - providing voluntary family planning services to the million women in developing countries who want access to family planning services but do not have access to contraceptives.

Youth Rights - providing comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education to the nearly 3 billion young adults under the age of 25.

Rethinking the Economy - accepting that endless economic growth is unsustainable and that more efficient global indicators of human and environmental well-being should be adopted. Norman Borlaug, the "father" of the Green Revolution, noted that this effort would only buy humanity a little bit of time. The New York Times wrote that he was frustrated throughout his life that governments did not do more to tackle population growth by lowering birth rates, and at one point said "If the world population continues to increase at the same rate, we will destroy the species.

The approaches we can take go beyond numbers and require a holistic, rights-based approach to talking about population and producing positive changes. Calling it the 'Population Monster' or population control won't direct the conversation where it needs to be. While the global rate of population growth has slowed, there are still 80 million people added every year. Africa's total population is predicted to increase from approximately 1 billion today to 2.

Pakistan could see a population increase from million people to million in the same time. And it's not just numbers. In the developed world and emerging economies, it is about consumption, most of it occurring at unprecedented levels and still increasing.

The keys to keeping population numbers closer to the low-end projections are promoting women's rights and empowerment, reducing poverty and inequality, curbing unsustainable consumption, rethinking how we define economic growth and living in balance with nature. When India and China implemented coercive policies as a means to reduce fertility rates, this gave a negative connotation to population issues for many years thereafter.

It was not until the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo that family planning issues came back to the forefront and in a more positive light. This time issues were framed around terms like reproductive rights and reproductive health, and moved away from population growth or too much focus on demographics.

The history of colonialism, racism, globalization, oppression, and global inequality cannot be disregarded, and a focus only on numbers and statistics misses the bigger picture. And on the other hand, a focus only on human rights can overlook the needs of the rest of the ecosystem. A stable population of empowered people benefits the world, both people and the planet.

Ultimately though, it's about understanding rights for all in the face of increasing environmental degradation. In a world where an estimated million women in developing countries would like to delay or stop childbearing but are not using any method of contraception, we need to overcome different viewpoints and remove obstacles to talking about population growth and its impacts.

Lack of access, information, education, poverty, and limited options are some of the main barriers. Christopher Elias of the Gates Foundation talked of the importance of understanding the three main drivers of population growth:.

The global community should focus on education for girls and women, and create opportunities for better livelihoods. The UN report State of the World Population addressed women and climate change.

It emphasized that educating women about reproductive health and providing them access to family planning would do more to reduce greenhouse gas emissions than ending all deforestation. Women are on the frontlines, facing at times drastically changing weather patterns. In most countries around they world they are the main providers of food, water, and other resources for their families.

Empowered women can better support their families and communities, take care of their local environment, and adapt to climate impacts. The Center for Reproductive Rights states that "The focus on population numbers at the expense of human rights is counter effective and even harmful to the goals of social and economic development. Writer Laurie Mazur said that inequality makes it difficult to address and even acknowledge the environmental impact of population growth.

A sustainable balance between people and resources can be achieved by: A Times five-part series in July latimes.

To follow up, population scholars have been invited to explain some of the approaches they've seen work -- or why they have not. The region went from 30 million people in to million today, and by -- when climatologists predict that global warming will have greatly exacerbated the region's problems -- is expected to a have totally unsustainable million people if family planning continues to be neglected.

Tens of millions of people will be forced to migrate in a humanitarian catastrophe. The answer is family planning, which is not only a universal need but also a basic human right. Potts has worked internationally for almost 50 years, and has learned that, whenever women are offered a range of family planning methods, backed up by honest information about side effects, family size always falls.

Smaller families mean children can stay in school and there is enough food for the family. When birthrates fall, family planning helps countries grow more prosperous. But family planning can't be coercive or insensitive to culture or religion: The challenge is that there are still patriarchal individuals and institutions waiting to deny women their reproductive rights.

While 80 women registered to come, only one had the IUD inserted because there was the unanswered question "Where do we go for medical attention if we experience excessive bleeding or backache?

Women require predictable follow-up care and sensitive communication that explains side effects, especially for methods such as IUDs and injectable contraceptives. Even in the U. Research shows that there is demand for a birth control method that is user-controlled and does not require daily action for effectiveness; one that would prevent the transmission of HIV; and one that can be used by women secretly. Leona D'Agnes and Joan Castro of PATH Foundation Philippines and the Integrated Population and Coastal Resource Management initiative worked on a project in a remote and impoverished coastal region of the Philippines where a rapidly expanding population was dependent on a badly depleted fishery and a coastal ecosystem that was being destroyed, resulting in sharply rising malnutrition and poverty.

Their team worked closely with community members to establish community-based family planning services and marine protected areas for the regeneration of fish stocks and mangrove forests. Programs aimed at young people encouraged postponing early sex and childbearing and taught environmental stewardship. Some adults worked on intervening against illegal fishing activities and others to provide family planning information.

Technological assistance and microloans were available to retrain in another livelihood. Fertility fell, family income rose and coastal ecosystems began to come back. Martha Campbell, a lecturer at UC Berkeley and the president of Venture Strategies for Health and Development, shed light on the strange silence that shadowed the topic of population and family planning for the last 20 years, when the world population grew from 5.

It started at the "Earth Summit" in Rio de Janeiro in There, a number of activist women agreed that the International Conference on Population and Development, scheduled to be held in Cairo inshould broaden its focus to include a wider range of women's concerns, including education, health and improved justice. However, a group of women's advocates devoted themselves to making the terms "population" and "family planning" politically incorrect, suggesting that focusing on numbers of people somehow invited coercive family planning that was aimed at preventing women in developing nations from having children they wanted.

They seemed to overlook the fact that the vast number of family planning programs focused on enabling women to make their own decisions. Unfortunately, after the Cairo conference, international family planning budgets collapsed. Kenya, for example, had reduced average family size from eight children per woman to 4.

But when funding began to dry up Kenya couldn't sustain its progress, which means Kenya will have 12 million more people in than it would if family planning support had remained stable. Fortunately, this year, exactly 20 years after the Rio summit at the London Summit on Family Planning, Melinda Gates and a number of world governments decided to break the silence and put family planning back on the agenda. Now sensible people can finally unite in condemning both coercive family planning and the coercive pregnancies that result when women are denied access to family planning.

Due to the silence that began 20 years ago, hundreds of millions of women around the world have been forced to have larger families than they wanted, giving up on other goals for themselves and their children as a result. Djavad Salehi-Isfahani -- professor of economics at Virginia Tech and a nonresident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution -- told the story of Iran, which in the s, had a fertility rate of seven children per woman, and after two decades, dropped to two children per mother, setting a world record for the speed of fertility transition.

Iran's turnaround was completely voluntary and occurred under a conservative Islamic government. The government started by building rural clinics across the country. By the time the call came for smaller families 5 years later, women had come to trust their health providers and were thus more likely to accept family planning advice when it was offered.

The government also trained and employed young local women as health workers. And if a married woman failed to show up at the clinic at least once a year, a health worker visited her at home. Unfortunately this fall, Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, begged forgiveness from God for having gone "too far with family planning.

Ryerson, president of the Population Media Center said surveys reveal that many couples in the developing world want far more than two children. Other reasons people don't embrace contraception are fear of health effects, spousal opposition, religious opposition and a belief that how many children a woman has is up to God. Population Media Center produces locally written radio and TV serial dramas which are gripping and entertaining, in which key characters embrace such things as family planning, schooling for girls and other social and health goals unique to each country.

The idea is education to help people understand the health and economic benefits for them and their children in limiting and spacing births.

It requires modeling good family planning and overcoming fears and cultural taboos. It requires getting husbands and wives to talk to each other. The programs have aired in 45 countries.

In a study, two-thirds of those seeking contraception cited the program as a motivating factor. Those who listened to the program also reported wanting fewer children.

May, a visiting fellow at the Center for Global Development said that, to be truly effective, family planning efforts need a strong commitment from top leaders in the country. Some African leaders have claimed that Africa is underpopulated and that high fertility rates and larger populations make countries stronger. On the other hand, Rwandan President Paul Kagame understands the implications of rapid population growth for the development prospects of his country.

Kagame has rekindled efforts to bring fertility levels down and the Rwandan people -- particularly women and children -- have reaped significant health benefits. East Asia has found that faster demographic transitions, including rapid declines in fertility, bring a demographic dividend: This economic growth occurs because declining fertility levels result in more productive people relative to dependents in a given population.

This could be a transformative tool for African countries too. But first, African leaders will have to embrace sound population policies. Without support from the top, family planning efforts in Africa will continue to struggle.

Rajiv Shah, administrator of the U. Agency for International Development, tells us that 6. Worldwide, families have willingly chosen to have fewer children when they know each child will have a chance to survive and thrive.

When East Asia and Latin America decided in the s and s to invest in voluntary family planning, they also reduced child mortality and educated girls and boys. Meeting the unmet need for women to have access to the contraceptives of their choice will only work if they have confidence that the children they have will live to adulthood. By focusing on a range of life-saving interventions -- from bed nets that protect against malaria to new vaccines against diarrhea and pneumonia -- we can make it far more likely that children will live to celebrate their 5th birthdays.

Under the leadership of President Obama, USAID co-hosted a call to action on child survival that has resulted in more than governments signing a new pledge to end preventable child death. In in Cairo, Egypt, the International Conference on Population and Development ICPD instituted a Programme of Action which is the guiding document for the United Nations Population Fund, UNFPA. Recently, at the Ford Foundation in New York, a new member high-level task force assembled to galvanise support behind the goals of the International Conference on Population and Development ICPD.

Gita Sen is a professor of public policy at the Indian Institute of Management in Bangalore, and has worked on population policies for 35 years. She is a member of the new task force, and attended the conference in Cairo in Which is probably true, to some extent.

But in the end it is for a better life for everybody. Sen said "The spread of evangelical conservatism in Africa is funded heavily from" the U. And with that much money pouring in it is hardly surprising that we have faced so much trouble as we do.

Yet Sen maintains a positive attitude. You can not keep young people and women back forever. This is not the dark ages," she concluded. Ishita Chaudhry, a member of the new task force and the leader of the youth organisation TYPF in India, highlighted the importance of banning child marriage in order to achieve the ICPD goals.

Child brides, girls married before their 18th birthday, run especially high risks of unwanted pregnancy and also of abuse.

And there are currently over 60 million child brides worldwide. One in seven women experience domestic or sexual violence in their lifetime. Up to one in four women experience abuse during pregnancy. Girls pay the price of taboos and double standards," she said. In the book State of the World Moving Toward Sustainable Prosperity, in the chapter titled "Nine Population Strategies to Stop Short of 9 Billion," Worldwatch Institute president Robert Engelman outlines a 9 step plan that assures declines in birthrates that would end population growth before at less than 9 billion people.

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All over the world examples can be found of countries that demonstrate effective policies which not only reduce birth rates, but also respect the reproductive aspirations of parents and support an educated and economically active society that promotes the health of women and girls.

Engelman opposes 'population control' and the idea that anyone should pressure women and their partner on reproduction. Instead he proposes the following:. Provide universal access to safe and effective contraceptive options for both sexes. Nearly two in five pregnancies are reported as mistimed or never wanted. Each baby should be wanted and welcomed in advance by its parents. Guarantee education through secondary school for all, especially girls. Women who have completed at least some secondary school have fewer children on average.

Eradicate gender bias from law, economic opportunity, health, and culture. Women who can own, inherit, and manage property; divorce; obtain credit; and participate in civic and political affairs on equal terms with men tend to have fewer children. Integrate lessons on population, environment, and development - refraining from advocacy or propaganda - into school curricula at multiple levels. Put prices on environmental costs and impacts. Couples may decide that the cost of having an additional child is too high.

Adjust to an aging population instead of boosting childbearing through government incentives and programs. Population aging must instead be met with the needed societal adjustments, such as increased labor participation.

Convince leaders to commit to stabilizing population growth through the exercise of human rights and human development, using rights-based population policies, which empower women to make their reproductive choices.

I would add raising the age of marriage enough to get a girl through high school and the girl must consent to the marriage. Also on aging 8I would put the grandparents to work preparing young people for a future very different from the dream promised us in our childhood. In late May in Istanbul some delegates, including more than parliamentarians, discussed a course of action over the coming years to implement the ICPD Programme of Action by and beyond.

They also considered ways to influence any new development framework to follow the Millennium Development Goals MDGs in Congresswomen Carolyn Maloney and Jan Schakowsky from Chicago represented the United States at the parliamentarian conference. Babatunde Osotimehin, Executive Director of UNFPA, the United Nations Population Fund.

Delegates committed themselves to its unfinished Cairo agenda plan by unanimously adopting the Istanbul Declaration of Commitment. In it, and under the theme, Keeping Promises - Measuring Results, they determined to advocate for increased national and external funding for the entire implementation of the ICPD agenda in order to achieve access to sexual and reproductive health, including family planning.

They committed to strive to "attain at least 10 per cent of national development budgets and development assistance budgets for population and reproductive health programmes.

They pledged to support policies that give special attention to the specific concerns and needs of young people by promoting and protecting their right to "access good quality education at all levels, health, sexual and reproductive services, including comprehensive sexuality education," and to adopt measures to prevent all types of exploitation and abuse against them. The conference followed four similar global conferences, in Bangkok inStrasbourg inOttawa in and Addis Ababa in According to the study, fertility falls as social setting education, life expectancy, infant mortality and income improves, from 5.

In comparison, a family's number of children declines with increases in the strength of family planning programs, from 5. However, the income part of social setting is associated with large families because most poor people have a higher infant mortality, lower levels of education and less access to family planning services.

The analysis was taken from data in Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between and in 40 developing countries by researchers Anrudh K. Jain of the Population Council and John A. Ross, an independent consultant. Are They Still Related to Family Planning Program Efforts and Social Settings? Worldwide, million women want to avoid getting pregnant but do not have access to contraception, disheartening because approximately 1, women die every day from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth.

These million women and their families represent roughly 1 billion of the earth's poorest residents. Nicholas Kristof, columnist with the New York Times, sees voluntary family planning "as a cost-effective strategy to reduce poverty, conflict, and environmental damage.

Investing in women's education and health empowers them tend to marry later, have smaller families, educate both sons and daughters, become economically better off, and to be healthier, while significantly slowing population growth and improving lives. Increasing men's awareness of the issues is also critical.

Invest in programs that make a difference for women: By Tewodros Melesse, IPPF Director-General and an Ethiopian national. Africa's rapid population growth -- 2. In sub-Saharan Africa the population issue is due to too many women lacking the freedom to exercise choice when it comes to childbearing. In remote locations women are forced to walk many kilometers to obtain contraceptives, and in some areas they are simply not available.

Globally two in five pregnancies are unplanned. Clearly 'unmet need' for contraception is a wasted opportunity to boost development and stabilize population growth through something women want and need: Women are often required to have large families to improve their social standing and ensure their economic survival. In many countries girls marry at a very young age, become pregnant too early and cut short their education to take care of their young family. Poorly educated and unable to work they have no income, adding to the cycle of poverty.

In addition, young mothers face terrible threats to their health such as fistula - a hole in the birth canal caused by prolonged labor without prompt medical intervention, leading to chronic incontinence and ostracization.

Women must be empowered to be able to make their own decisions free from fear of coercion or pressure from partners, family, and society. Their sense of self-worth should not depend on the number of children they have. They must have easy access to a range of safe, effective, and affordable contraceptives and the information and counseling needed to use them. Contraceptive access needs to be backed by better health infrastructure - we have abundant evidence that when parents are confident that their children will survive, they will have fewer and invest more in each of them.

Experience has shown us that education for girls, legal reform and access to family planning have made a difference in many countries.

While it's true that economic and social development leads to women having smaller families, the converse is also true -- that the gains that contraception has made possible in women's health make family planning one of the most successful international development stories. The world's population reaching 7 billion on Monday is milestone reminding us that there is much work to do on sexual and reproductive health and HIV if we are to meet the millennium development goals by To meet the right to the highest attainable standard of health, the international sexual and reproductive health and HIV communities are increasingly joining forces and reaching out to the most vulnerable and under-served populations.

It is critical that sound policies are in place to support comprehensive approaches, whether on providing women with family planning services, delivering sex education for young boys and girls, preventing child marriage, eliminating gender-based violence, managing sexually transmitted infections, ensuring access to condoms for dual protection, or providing antiretroviral treatment alongside cervical cancer screening.

Sexual and reproductive ill-health and HIV have the same root causes. These include economic inequality, limited access to appropriate information, gender inequality, harmful cultural norms and social marginalisation.

We must strengthen integrated services to improve their quality and accessibility, which means more people will use them. In turn, this improves health and behavioural outcomes, including condom use, and people's knowledge about HIV. Other benefits include reducing HIV-related stigma and discrimination, since addressing HIV will be part of normal core services within a facility. Forging partnerships between the sexual and reproductive health and HIV communities, including with networks of people living with HIV, is essential to reap sustainable benefits.

The world's new population milestone is a reminder that there is still much work to do to improve people's lives and meet the millennium development goals by In a world of 7 billion people, every person should enjoy equal rights and dignity. And as our numbers grow in the years ahead, it is critical that we take actions to ensure that every pregnancy is wanted, every birth is safe, and that every young person is free of HIV and AIDS.

UN Foundation President Timothy E.

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Wirth, in recognition of the Oct 31 milestone of 7 billion people called for investment in international reproductive health and voluntary family planning as a means to achieving progress on all of the Millennium Development Goals. We know that investing in women's reproductive health and voluntary family planning is one of the most cost-effective means to tackling our most pressing global development challenges.

Today there are million women who want the ability to prevent pregnancy, but lack access to quality reproductive health care and voluntary family planning. Meeting this demand would have numerous benefits - not least of which is saving lives. Pregnancy-related complications are the leading cause of death among young women in developing countries. Empowering women with the tools they need not only improves their health and ability to raise stronger, healthier families, but it also promotes more prosperous and stable societies, resource and food security, and environmental sustainability.

On October 31, the world's population is projected to hit 7 billion. This milestone highlights both progress and setbacks. Pathfinder celebrates improvements in health care that are leading to increased life expectancy and lowered risk of maternal and child death, while at the same time calling for increased attention and funding for reproductive health and family planning.

Worldwide, 40 percent of pregnancies are unintended because millions upon millions of women lack a basic human right: Never has there been a more critical time to invest in reproductive health and family planning. Laurie Mazur writes that human numbers are approaching 7 billion and poses the question "Where do we go from here? It would be difficult to establish and optimal size for the human population; greater equity and more efficient use of resources would greatly extend the planet's "carrying capacity.

While there is no global shortage of water, a growing number of regions are chronically parched. And many of those regions are also where population is growing most rapidly. In the world's most "water poor" countries, population is expected to double by Slower growth could ease pressure on scarce resources and buy time to craft solutions.

We know how to slow population growth. Over the last half century, we've learned that the best way to slow growth is not through coercive "population control," but by ensuring that all people are able to make real choices about childbearing. But fertility rates remain high where women's status is low. Fewer than one-fifth of the world's countries will account for nearly all of the world's population growth this century and those countries are the least devloped and are also where girls are less likely to attend school, where child marriage is common, and where women lack basic rights.

Nations can raise women's status by educating girls, by enforcing laws that prohibit child marriage, and by improving women's access to credit, land, training, and jobs. Where women enjoy these fundamental rights, smaller and healthier families become the norm. At the same time, women need the means to make choices: Around the world, some million want to avoid pregnancy, but aren't using effective methods of contraception.

And the potential benefits are huge: Improved access to family planning could prevent 53 million unintended pregnancies,maternal deaths, and 25 million abortions each year. The rate at which the world population is growing creates a great concern to the international community. It is this reason that the United Nations held a number of conferences to discuss the means to control world population growth.

The most influential conference was the International Conference on Population and Development ICPD held in Cairo; the conference reached an agreement on the urgent need to control global population growth. Among others, the 20 year ICPD Program of Action declared family planning use as one of the critical approaches to be initiated by United Nations member states as a way of regulating world population.

Different member states were urged to promote and make access to family planning a priority for the purpose of regulating world population growth. As such, the paper seeks to appraise the use of family planning in Africa; the paper is driven by the motive to examine the impact of family planning use on fertility patterns and population growth in the continent. It is strongly argued in the paper that, in order for Africa to successfully achieve the ICPD goal of slowed population growth, access to family planning needs to be critically looked at, as it remains the intermediate factor in the possibility of slowed population growth in the continent and the world at large.

Click here for the entire article. The priority in addressing unsustainable population growth should be providing family planning services. World Population Day, 11 July, has a special resonance inwhen the world population will reach a record level of seven billion. With a record number of young people entering childbearing age, this growth is projected to continue, with world population reaching eight to ten billion by This growth is having consequences, including record resource prices, biodiversity loss and climate change.

Alongside more sustainable lifestyles and technologies, slowing the growth rate in population is essential in addressing the big problems humanity faces. Many factors affect the birth rate, particularly in countries where this is still high. They include the level of social development, health services provision and the position of women. However, one of the easiest to address is the provision of modern family planning services, one of the UN Millennium Development Goals.

This would contribute to poverty alleviation, women's empowerment and improved health, as well as laying the foundations for limiting humanity's impact on the environment. When the world's top global warming activist - former Vice President Al Gore - is talking about the size of population and how that contributes to the choices societies make, it might be worth taking note.

Urbanization is occurring so rapidly that cities are not able to keep up with increased demand for services, not to mention the employment, housing, and transportation needs of a population that may double in less than 25 years. Three-quarters of those living in the cities of the developing world live in slum-like conditions, often without access to sanitation and safe drinking water, associated with increased health problems.

Urban slums have much higher rates of illness than nonslum areas of the same cities and health and social problems related to the environment, violence, injury, and noncommunicable diseases are more common. Family planning is often overlooked as an essential strategy to improve urban health. The poor who live in urban areas have more difficulty, for a variety of financial, social, and cultural reasons, accessing family planning services than do wealthier residents.

This has proven difficult for governments and the environment to accommodate. Urban families want to have fewer children than rural residents. Many urban women report that they have more children than they intended to have. While most wealthier urban women have access to contraception, poor women have less physical and financial access to high-quality reproductive health services and to an affordable range of contraceptives that meets their needs.

As the growth of urban areas continues unabated, the value of reducing unwanted and unplanned births by enabling equitable access to contraception should not be underestimated. Because of past high fertility, rapid urbanization is likely to continue. This will fuel even more rapid population growth. Poor women who desire to stop having children but are not using a modern method of contraception have an especially high "unmet need" for family planning.

In Senegal and Ethiopia, for example, one in every three women ages 15 to 49 who live in urban areas has an unmet need for contraception. However, because Nigeria is by far the largest country in Africa, the number of women with unmet need, 4 million, is large and it is growing as the demand for family planning increases.

The millions of women with unmet need for contraception contribute directly to rapid population growth as well as to high rates of maternal and infant death. Women in sub-Saharan Africa have a one in 22 lifetime risk of dying of causes related to pregnancy and delivery.

Women who give birth before age 18 or after age 35, or who have closely spaced pregnancies are at a greater risk of death. In many countries of sub-Saharan Africa, early marriage and childbearing is common. In Mali, Malawi, Mozambique, and Niger, for example, half of all women have given birth by age Women who give birth before age 20 are twice as likely to die of pregnancy-related causes as are older mothers.

Family planning can avert these deaths by enabling young, sexually active women to delay their first pregnancy until they are older and more physically and emotionally mature.

However, contraceptive use among sexually active women, whether married or unmarried, is very low in most countries of sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa has the world's highest proportion of abortions performed among young women ages 15 to As a consequence, abortion is a leading cause of death among young African women. Assuring that young people have the family planning information and services they need could significantly reduce deaths due to abortion as well as deaths from other maternal causes.

Spacing births at least two years apart is one of the most important and successful strategies for improving birth outcomes and the survival of infants. Infants born less than two years after a previous birth are about twice as likely to die in the first year of life as an infant born three years after a previous birth. Infants and children born to mothers who are under age 20 are also much more likely to die in the first days, months, and years of life.

In Senegal, for example, one of every 10 infants born to women under age 20 dies in the first year of life, as opposed to one in 17 among women who give birth between ages 20 and In Senegal alone, family planning could avert 1.

The importance of family planning to reducing mother-to-child transmission of HIV has not received sufficient attention. Each year, more thanunintended pregnancies among HIV-infected women in sub-Saharan Africa are prevented through the use of contraception, which already prevents more HIV infections among infants than antiretroviral therapy. While it is essential that all women in need of ART have access to it, more than half a million additional unintended pregnancies to HIV-positive women could be averted each year if all women in the region who did not wish to become pregnant had access to modern contraception.

Investing in family planning results in large savings to the health, education, and environmental sectors. With fewer children to educate, governments can extend safe water and sanitation services to a greater share of their populations. This will in turn have benefits in terms of reduced water-born illnesses and deaths due to diarrhea. When population growth occurs more slowly, there is also less pressure on scarce land and water resources and less environmental degradation due to deforestation, salinization of soil, and air pollution.

There is near universal agreement among governments that every child has a right to be wanted and women and couples have a right to decide freely on the number of children they will have. In most societies, poor women are the least likely to be able to exercise the right to use contraception, in part because they are the least able to pay for family planning services.

Until poor women have the same ability to exercise that right as wealthier women, urban areas will grow not only in size but in level of inequality. The percentage of people living in poverty will continue to increase and income inequality between rich and poor will grow larger.

Governments and urban planners should ensure that the poor are the recipients of public funds that subsidize and aim to improve the quality of reproductive health services. Without this assurance, subsidies and incentives are more likely to be utilized by those who do not need them as much.

Investments in reproductive health and family planning are among the most cost-effective that governments can make. This small investment is worthwhile for the benefit of individuals and families and for the greater society. Women are rescuing girls from brothels in Cambodia, campaigning for public office in Kuwait, healing mothers injured in childbirth in Ethiopia, running schools for refugees from Burma and rebuilding homes in the aftermath of earthquakes in Haiti and Chile.

Women are running domestic violence shelters and fighting human-trafficking. Without recognition or fanfare, and often with little support, women are working to improve the quality of their lives and the lives of all people. Fifteen years ago delegates from countries met in Beijing for the UN Fourth World Conference on Women. It was a call to action to work for the laws, reforms and social change necessary to ensure that women and girls everywhere have the opportunities to fulfill their God- given potential.

Today more girls worldwide are in school. More women hold jobs and serve in public office. And more countries have passed laws recognising women's equality, although for too many, laws are not yet borne out in their daily lives.

But women are still the majority of the world's poor, uneducated, unhealthy and unfed. They are the majority of the world's farmers, but are often forbidden to own the land or to access credit to make those farms profitable. Women care for the world's sick, but women and girls are less likely to get treatment when they themselves are sick.

The status of the world's women is a political, economic and social imperative. When women are free to develop their talents and contribute fully to their societies, everyone benefits. When women are free to run for public office, governments are more responsive to their people. When women are free to earn a living and start small businesses, they become drivers of economic growth.

When women are afforded the opportunity of education and access to healthcare, their families and communities prosper. When women have equal rights, nations are more stable, peaceful and secure. Advancing women's equality is at the heart of the foreign policy of the United States.

We believe that women are critical to solving almost every challenge we face. We view the subjugation of women as a threat to the national security of the US and to the common security of our world. So we are integrating women throughout our work around the globe. In Afghanistan, the participation of Afghan women in decision making about the future of their country is critical for sustainable development, better governance and peace.

That is why we have included a Women's Action Plan to promote women's leadership, to increase their access to education, health and justice, and to generate jobs for women, especially in agriculture. Today we must say with one voice that women's progress is human progress and human progress is women's progress.