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The district was operated by a group of railroad companies that acquired swampland and turned it into a centralized processing area. By the s, the railroad money behind the Union Stockyards was Vanderbilt money. The stockyards became the focal point of the rise of some of the earliest international companies.

These companies refined novel industrial innovations and influenced financial markets. Both the rise and fall of the district owe their fortunes to the evolution of transportation services and technology in America. The stockyards have become an integral part of the popular culture of Chicago's history.

From the Civil War until the s and peaking inmore meat was processed in Chicago than in any other place in the world. The Yards closed at midnight on Friday, July 30,after several decades of decline during the decentralization of the meatpacking industry.

The Union Stock Yard Gate was designated a Chicago Landmark on February 24,[5] and a National Historic Landmark on May 29, Before construction of the various private stockyards, tavern owners provided pastures and care for cattle herds waiting to be sold. With the spreading service of railroadsseveral small stockyards were created in and around the City of Chicago. Between andfive 5 railroads were constructed to Chicago. The Illinois Central and the Michigan Central railroads combined to build the largest set of pens on the lake shore east of Cottage Grove Avenue from 29th Street to 35th Street.

Several factors contributed to consolidation of the Chicago stockyards: The United States government purchased a great deal of beef and pork to feed the Union troops fighting the Civil War.

As a consequence, hog receipts at the Chicago stockyards rose fromhogs in to 1, hogs over the winter butchering season of ; over the same time period, beef receipts in Chicago rose fromhead tohead. The Union Stock Yards, designed to consolidate operations, was built in on swampland south of the city.

Louis Railroad and the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway a consortium of nine railroad companies hence the " Union " name acquired the acre 1.

Within five years the area was incorporated into the city. Eventually, the acre 1. Processing two million animals yearly byin two decades the number rose to nine million by Between andapproximately million livestock were butchered within the confines of the Yards.

By the start of the 20th century, the stockyards employed 25, people and produced 82 percent of the domestic meat consumed nationally.

So much stockyard waste drained into the South Fork of the river that it was called Bubbly Creek due to the gaseous products of decomposition. The meatpacking district was served between and by a short Chicago 'L' line with several stops, devoted primarily to the daily transport of thousands of workers and even tourists to the site. The line was constructed when the City of Chicago forced the removal of surface trackage on 40th Street.

Evolving methods of transportation and distribution led to declining business and the closing of the Union Stock Yards in National Wrecking Company negotiated a contract whereby National Wrecking cleared a acre site and removed some 50 acres of animal pens, auxiliary buildings and the eight story Exchange Building. It took approximately eight months to complete the job and ready the site for the building of an industrial park.

The size and scale of the stockyards, along with technological advancements in rail transport and refrigerationallowed for the creation of some of America's first truly global companies led by entrepreneurs such as Gustavus Franklin Swift and Philip Danforth Armour. Philip Armour was the first person to build a modern large-scale meatpacking plant in Chicago in This new plant employed the modern "assembly line" or rather dis-assembly line method of work.

The mechanized process with its killing wheel and conveyors helped inspire the automobile assembly line that Henry Ford popularlized in In addition, hedging transactions by the stockyard companies was pivotal in the establishment and growth of the Chicago-based commodity exchanges and futures markets. This was extremely helpful to those sellers who expected their cattle or hogs to come to market with a glut of other cattle or hogs when prices might necessarily be substantially lower than the guaranteed futures price.

Following the arrival of Armour inGustav Swift's company arrived in Chicago in and built another modern large-scale meatpacking plant at 42nd Street and South Justine Street. The Hammond Company and the Wilson Company also built a meatpacking plants in the area west of the Chicago stockyards.

Next to the Union Stock Yards, the International Amphitheatre building was built on west side of Halsted Street at 42nd Street in the s, originally to hold the annual International Live Stock Exposition which began in However, ny stock market opens International Amphitheatre became a venue for many events including the and Democratic National Conventions, the and Republican National Conventions and most famously the Democratic National Convention and its use continued for years after the stockyards closed in Fifty engine companies and seven hook and ladder companies fought the fire until it was declared extinguished by Chief Seyferlich on December While only one watchman was killed, a few cattle also perished, but the yards were in business the following Sunday evening.

Following the opening of the new Union Stockyards on December 25,a community of workers began living in the area just west of the packing plants between Ashland Avenue and South Robey Street and bounded on the north cash flow options strategies 43rd Street and on the south by 47th Street.

The overwhelming sensation about the neighborhood us dollar yen exchange rate chart the smell of the community caused not just by the packing plants located immediately aftermarket stocks for savage rifles the east, but also by the acre Chicago Union Stock Yards containing 2, pens of livestock, located further east from the packing plants.

Settlement in the area that was to become known as the "Back of the Yards" began in the s before there were any meat packers or stockyards in the area. At this time the area was known as the "Town of Lake.

Witness that the newspaper of the area was called the Town of Lake Journal. Only with the founding of the community organization called the "Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council" in did the neighborhood west and south of the meat packinghouses start being called the "Back of the Yards.

Inthe Town of Lake Journal officially changed its name to Back of the Yards Journal. Pioneers to the area first called "Town of Lake" were S. Crocker and John Caffrey. Indeed, Crocker earned the nickname "Father of the Town of Lake. In the early s the meat packing industry of the United States was still located in Cincinnati, Ohio, the original "Porkopolis" of the pre-Civil War era. For the meat packing industry moving west meant coming to Chicago. As early asArchibauld Clybourn had established himself as a butcher in a log slaughter house stock brokers in columbus ohio the north branch of the Chicago River and supplied most to the garrison of Fort Dearborn.

Other small butchers tax implications of selling stock options later. Inthe Bull's Head Stockyard began operations at Madison Street and Ogden Avenue on the West Side of Chicago. Operations for this early stockyard, however, still meant holding and feeding cattle and hogs in transit to meat packing plants further east—Indianapolis [43] and, of course, Cincinnati.

The prosperity of the stockyards was due to both the concentration of railroads and the evolution of refrigerated railroad cars.

Direct sales of livestock from breeders to packers, facilitated by advancement in interstate truckingmade it cheaper to slaughter animals where they were raised and excluded the intermediary stockyards.

Inthe area bounded by Play rummy and earn money Road, Ashland, Halsted, and 47th Street became The Stockyards Industrial Park.

The neighborhood to the west and south of the industrial park is still known as Back of the Yardsand is still home to a thriving immigrant population. Work from home brunswick ohio remnant of the Union Stock Yard Gate still arches over Exchange Avenue, next to the firefighters' memorial, and can be seen by those driving along Halsted Street. This limestone gate, marking the entrance to the stockyards, survives as one of the few relics of Chicago's heritage of livestock and meatpacking.

The steer head over the central arch is thought to represent "Sherman," a prize-winning bull named after John B. Sherman, a founder of the Union Stock Yard and Transit Company.

In Upton Sinclair published The Jungleuncovering the horrid conditions in the stockyards around the start of the 20th century. The stockyards are referred to in Carl Sandburg 's poem Chicago: The Skip James song "Hard Times Killing floor blues" refers to the nickname of the slaughter part of the stockyards during the great depression in the s.

The Yards were a major tourist stop, with visitors such as Rudyard KiplingPaul Bourget and Sarah Bernhardt. The play Saint Joan of the Stockyardsa version of the story of Joan of Arc by Bertolt Brecht takes place in the stockyards.

The film Union Station with William Holden has the final scene at the Union Stockyards. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the facilities in South Omaha, see Union Stockyards Omaha.

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MBI and Voyageur Press.

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Klein, The History of the New York Central System Smithmark Publishers, Inc.: New York, pp. Black and White Workers in Chicago's Packinghouses, University of Illinois Press: Urbana, Illinois, p. The Making of a Local Democracyp. An Illustrated History and Guide to the River and its Waterways. Retrieved March 22, The Making of Local Democracy University of Chicago Press: Black and White Workers in Chicago's Packinghouses,p.

Auditorium Theatre of Roosevelt University. Charleston, South Carolina, ] p. Chicago Union Stock Yards Fire". Retrieved April 9, America's Historic Stockyardspp. Chicago,p.

Illustrated History of the Union Stockyards. Down on the Killing Floor: Black and White Workers in Chicago's Packinghouses, — University of Illinois Press, Hirsch, Susan, and Robert I.

A City Comes of Age: Chicago in the s. Chicago Historical Society, A Historical Guide to the Neighborhoods: Horowitz, Roger, Negro and White, Unite and Fight University of Illinois Press: Pride in the Jungle: Community and Everyday Life in Back of the Yards Chicago. Johns Hopkins University Press, Union Stockyards Fire Photo Album.

Chicago and American Expansion. McLaughlin, John Gerard, Irish Chicago Arcadia Publishing: Charleston, South Carolina, Polish Immigrants and Industrial Chicago: Workers on the South Side— Ohio State University Press, Pacyga, Dominic, and Ellen Skerrett. Loyola University Press, History of the Yards— Fort Worth, Texas, Livestock Raising and Meatpacking in the U. Back of the Yards: The Making of a Local Democracy. The University of Chicago Press, Swist, Jeannette, Back of the Yards Arcadia Publishing: Report of the Fire Marshal.

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